TLR7 and infection: In particular, SARS-CoV-2 induces toll like receptor-7, TLR7, pathway via NF-κB, inducing type 1 IFN, IFN-γ, and IFN-λ3, starting from 48 h post-infection (Bortolotti et al., 2021; Caccuri et al., 2022).