We hypothesized that combining a potent TLR9 agonist (an immune stimulant) with CPIs (which support immune response expansion) would be a logical approach for capitalizing on the complementary nature of these two therapeutic mechanisms to begin the self-promoting process of immune-mediated tumor cell death, called the cancer-immunity cycle (4), and address the two key therapeutic opportunities outlined above. Here, TLR9 is linked to neoplasm.