GRN and multiple sclerosis: For example, GRN assists in recruiting CpG oligonucleotides in macrophages by binding to Toll-like receptor 9 to exacerbate systemic lupus erythematosus severity [28, 29], and GRN stimulates secretion of proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-8 by epithelial cells in multiple sclerosis [30, 31].