Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor cells, combined positive score (CPS) which uses the expression rate of PD-L1 in tumor cells and immune cells, tumor mutational burden, tissue microenvironment including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and microsatellite instability-high have been reported as possible predictive factors, but a consensus on predictors of response to ICIs has not been established except for the CPS of the patients treated with pembrolizumab3–5. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.