In order for RAS to transform primary cells, it needs to cooperate with another proto-oncogene, often the transcription factor MYC (9, 10, 11), as originally demonstrated in a landmark study, where only after coexpressing oncogenic HRAS with MYC in primary fibroblasts did the cells exhibit the characteristics of cancer cells, that is, loss of contact inhibition, anchorage-independent growth, and tumor formation in mice (12). Here, MYC is linked to cancer.