MAPK1 and cancer: However, upon deregulation and constitutive activation, the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is involved in the promotion and progression of different cancer types (Sebolt-Leopold, 2004; Lorusso et al., 2005; Meier et al., 2005; Jamieson et al., 2016), as well as other diseases such as lymphatic anomaly (Li et al., 2019).