In lung epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts from IPF patients, autophagy-associated pathways (including macroautophagy and mitophagy) were attenuated in both IPF mouse models and fibroblasts activated with TGFβ1 (16).IL-37 can reduce the progression of IPF by inhibiting TGF-β1 signaling and enhancing IPF fibroblast autophagy to attenuate lung fibrosis in mice (17). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis.