Numbers of peripheral M1 monocytes (defined by an absence of CD163 and presence of IL-12 or MAC387) and M2 monocytes (defined by CD206 and CD163 positivity) were both significantly elevated in SAP compared to MAP patients or healthy controls (131, 132); and the numbers correlated with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (131, 132), one of commonly used composite clinical indices to predict severity of AP (133). This evidence concerns the gene CD163 and alkaline phosphatase measurement.