TNF and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Previous studies assessing the immune system in NSCLC have reported associations between circulating (plasma/serum) levels of cytokines (interleukins, TNF-α and IFN-γ) (12–15), proinflammatory proteins (CRP, LDH) (12, 16) or mRNA encoding IFN-γ (17) and efficacy, response, progression-free survival and overall survival.