Xu et al. used an atrial fibrillation model and showed that treatment of rats with Nrf2 lentivirus-transduced BMSC-EVs significantly downregulated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppressed arrhythmias, myocardial fibrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation due to atrial fibrillation [144]. The gene discussed is HMOX1; the disease is atrial fibrillation.