CXCL9 and autoimmune disease: CXCL9 is a chemokine of the C-X-C subfamily,23 expressed in macrophages under activation of interferon-gamma [IFN]-α24 and IFN-γ.25 Numerous studies have reported that CXCL9 levels are increased in several autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes26,27 and systemic rheumatological disorders,28–30 indicating a potential association of CXCL9 with inflammatory diseases.