TNF and diabetic kidney disease: Increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors and chemokines, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, Vascular cell adhesion protein 1, endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule, CCL2, CX3CL1, CCL5 and so on, are reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of DKD (Navarro-González et al., 2011).