In Cohort 1, significant differences between the control and AD subjects were observed in cognitive scores MMSE and MoCA, as well as plasma biomarkers Aβ42, Aβ42/Aβ40, p-tau181, NfL and GFAP (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was found in plasma Aβ40. Here, GFAP is linked to Alzheimer disease.