In the univariate analysis (Additional file 1: Table S7), older age, male sex, low body mass index, low systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low estimated glomerular filtration rate, high natriuretic peptide levels (brain natriuretic peptide ≥ 500 pg/ml or N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide ≥ 1000 pg/ml) at admission, hypertension, CKD, previous HF admission, ischemic heart disease, and high GV (CoV > 21%) were significant predictors of all-cause mortality. The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is chronic kidney disease.