PPARD and cardiac hypertrophy: PPARβ/δ plays a pivotal role in cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy, and congestive heart failure via decreases in basal myocardial FAO [37, 42], whereas AA showed a protective effect against cardiac hypertrophy [31], suppressed mitochondria-mediated inflammasome activation [40], and reduced autophagy during ischaemia–reperfusion injury in a mouse model [29].