Interestingly, in a murine rectal cancer and patient-derived tumor organoids model, IL-1α was found to predispose inflammatory CAFs to p53-mediated TIS upon irradiation, which in turn resulted in chemoradiotherapy resistance and disease progression through the secretion of cytokines and extracellular matrix constituents supporting the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells and counteracting the irradiation-induced tumor cell death [184]. Here, IL1A is linked to rectal cancer.