Similar histotype differences in SMAD3/SMAD2 ratio were found at the protein level (Fig. 1g–i and Supplementary Fig. 2), and collectively reveal that ADC-TAFs exhibit high SMAD3 mRNA and SMAD3/SMAD2 expression ratio, whereas SCC-TAFs exhibit high SMAD2 mRNA and lower SMAD3/SMAD2 expression ratio. The gene discussed is SMAD2; the disease is AIDS dementia complex.