Intriguingly, we recently reported that TAF activation and associated fibrosis is higher in ADC compared to SCC, owing to the larger epigenetic repression of the important pro-fibrotic transcription factor SMAD3 of the canonical TGF-β pathway selectively in SCC-TAFs, caused by their increased exposure to cigarette smoke particles. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is AIDS dementia complex.