PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Another important signaling pathway in the TME is the programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway, as demonstrated by the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) or anti-PD-L1 therapies for NSCLC.10 Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 (anti-PD-(L)1) therapies have demonstrated efficacy as first-line (1L) and later treatments in patients naïve to anti-PD-(L)1 with advanced NSCLC.