In addition, hyperphosphorylation of certain residue of tau can protect against beta-amyloid-induced excitotoxicity (e.g., due to antiviral beta-amyloid accumulation) and spine loss (130), while TDP-43 has a positive role in antiviral response (131) and infection with enterovirus (EV) or HIV can induce TDP-43 upregulation or aggregation (96, 132). Here, TARDBP is linked to infection.