Alternatively, in two cohort studies of almost 100 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage or severe traumatic brain injury, there was a significant increase in serum HIF-1α levels, which, in intimate correlation with illness severity, independently predicted poor prognosis (Glasgow outcome scale scores of 1–3) at 90 days after injury (23, 24). Here, HIF1A is linked to intracerebral hemorrhage.