Anti-inflammatory effects are observed due to the fact that B1 deficiencies side effects is linked to stimulation of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α (pro-inflammatory cytokines) expression and neuro-inflammation (64). B1 may be used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases through its involvement in the suppression of the pro-oxidative activity of microglial cells (65). Here, TNF is linked to neurodegenerative disease.