The South African Prostate Cancer Diagnostic and Treatment guidelines recommend PSA testing for black men 40 years and older (45 years and older for men of other races) with a life expectancy of more than 10 years if they have a family history of prostate or breast cancer in a first-degree relative, lower urinary tract symptoms and/or clinical suspicion of PCa, regardless of age group (Segone et al. 2013). The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is prostate cancer.