In contrast, at D49, IL-1β and IL-17A levels in BAL were significantly lower in V1 compared to A, while IL-10 levels in BAL were significantly higher in V1 as compared to A. These data imply that vaccination does not only reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lungs upon challenge infection, but also increases anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and infection.