The ICOShighcTfh17/ICOShighcTfh1 ratio did not differ in each group, but It might be because ICOS is widely expressed among cTfh cell subsets in patients with AE/Ab(+).These results suggest that AE/Ab(+) shares a similar immune background with other autoantibody-associated autoimmune diseases. Here, ICOS is linked to autoimmune disease.