TGFB1 and neoplasm: In this study, we found that tumor-derived CAFs were associated with multiple signaling pathways, such as hypoxia (HIF1A), TGF-β (TGF1 and VEGFA), and WNT/SMAD signaling pathways (WNT5A, and SMAD1) and exhibited similar functions to tumor cells, indicating that CAFs in tumors play an important role in tumor development.