ACKR3 and neoplasm: We then discussed the effects of other cell types on epithelial cells in tumor tissue, and the results indicated that immune cells could regulate epithelial cells through specific ligand–receptor pairs, such as TNFSF14-TNFRSF14, MIF-(CD74+CD44), IFNG-(FINGR1+IFNGR2), CXCL12-ACKR3, and CXCL11-ACKR3 (Figures 6C, D).