In addition, observations in patients carrying single gene defects in individual components of the TGF-β family (such as TGF-β1) (2) and their downstream signaling components (such as TGFβ-R1/2 or SMAD2/3) have further underscored the role of TGF-β in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation and allergic diseases. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is allergic disease.