Our KEGG pathway analyses also revealed 128 pathways that were differentially regulated in response to FZHY treatment (Figure 3), including the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathways (Yuan et al., 2022), and TNF signaling pathway (Al-Lamki & Mayadas., 2015), all of which are related to the development of renal fibrosis. Here, AKT1 is linked to renal fibrosis.