Nevertheless, PD-1 inhibitors can restore effector CD8+ T cell function by blocking extensive dephosphorylation between PD-L1 and PD-1, which can impair or abolish the immunosuppressive effects caused by Treg cells and ultimately inhibit tumor growth (Ahn et al., 2018; Granito et al., 2021b). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.