TNF and Alzheimer disease: Qisheng Wan formula increased Bacteroidetes abundance in AD mice while reducing NF-κB, IL-6, and TNF-α content (Xiong et al., 2022); one of its active ingredients, Polygala tenuifolia, promotes APP-NSCs proliferation and migration and neuronal differentiation (Wang X. F. et al., 2021), while another ingredient, Acorus tatarinowii Schott, also affects neurogenesis, microglial function and can activate PKA-CREB signaling, enhancing nerve growth factor induced differentiation and neurite length of PC12 cells (Cai et al., 2016; Lam et al., 2016).