KEYNOTE-181 (8), a recent phase III clinical trial, demonstrated that among patients with advanced EC, treatment with second-line pembrolizumab resulted in improved outcomes in terms of overall survival (OS) in the PD-L1 CPS≥10 population (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.83; p = 0.0074) and ESCC population (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.63 to 0.96; p = 0.0095) compared to chemotherapy. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.