VCAM1 and columnar cell hyperplasia of the breast: In the present study, there were no obvious differences in TGF-β1 mRNA and protein levels between the BCCAo, BCCAo + FMT, and BCCAo + SCFAs groups, whereas expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, and VCAM1 were strikingly increased by CCH administration, but dramatically reduced after FMT and SCFA administration, indicating that this strategy eliminated CCH-induced colonic inflammation by decreasing differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells.