Consistent with IRF4 mRNA levels, as determined by RNA-seq analysis, CCH significantly increased protein expression of IRF4, which was markedly attenuated by FMT and SCFA treatment (Fig. 8A, B), indicating that transcription factor IRF4 might be an important modulator involved in FMT and SCFA treatment of CCH-induced chronic inflammation of colon tissues. The gene discussed is IRF4; the disease is columnar cell hyperplasia of the breast.