CSF1 and COVID-19: We next determined whether TP lipo treatment affected the gene expression of neutrophil-derived proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe COVID-19 cases.44,45 TP lipo treatment significantly inhibited the expression of the genes Ccl3, Il1rn, Cxcl2, Csf1, Il1a, Tnf, Il6, Il1r2, Icam1, and Cxcr4 in Neutrophil-Ccl3 cells (Fig. 6f), indicating that TP lipo played an important role in blocking the cytokine storm.