WFS1 and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: WFS1-associated Wolfram syndrome type 1 (WS1) is defined as a rare autosomal neurodegenerative recessive progressive disease and is also known as DIDMOAD, characterized by diabetes insipidus (DI), childhood onset diabetes mellitus (DM), optic atrophy (OA), and deafness (D)16.