The only published clinical study of CAR-T cell therapy in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), was a phase I/II trial conducted to assess the proof of concept and safety of using first generation CAR-T cells engineered to express a CAR for the TAA carboxy-anhydrase-IX (CAIX) for the treatment of CAIX + metastatic RCC (Beatty et al. 2014). Twelve patients were assigned in three cohorts and were treated with two cycles of multiple dose-escalating IV infusions of anti-CAIX CAR-T cells (2 × 107–2 × 109 cells/kg). Here, CA9 is linked to hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma.