Additionally, evaluating the risks of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality associated with each 1 mg/L increase in cystatin C concentrations revealed multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of 1.51 (1.44–1.58), 1.49 (1.39–1.61), and 1.24 (1.05–1.47), respectively (Fig. 2). This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and cancer.