Hyalinization and arterial/arteriolar wall thickening: deposition of collagen and connective tissuesEarly stage of CKD: hyperphosphatemia induces apoptosis of SMC.Late stage of CKD: hyperphosphatemia causes further weakening of the vessel wall and arterial calcification by inducing an osteogenic phenotype shift of SMC and elastin degradation. Here, ELN is linked to hyperphosphatemia.