In our study there was an important increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, IL6, TNFα, IL18, IL23) upon infection in all the groups analyzed in comparison with age-related control samples, as also seen for the immunoregulatory cytokines IL10 and IL17A, and for Th1 IFNγ NLF (Figure 8A). Here, IL18 is linked to infection.