GAL and diabetes mellitus: Galanin has been suggested to play significant roles in the neuroendocrine axis (9, 10, 51) for the mediation of diverse neuronal pathological conditions of ageing (51, 52), feeding and energy metabolism (28, 53), pancreatic secretion of insulin and diabetes (54, 55), mood and behaviour (56, 57), seizure (13, 36), pain experience (53), bone density (58), cartilage growth plate physiology and repair (59) and skin (60).