TNF and sarcopenia: The causes of sarcopenia include a sedentary lifestyle (Liu et al., 2021), reduced energy intake, reduced protein consumption, myocellular changes (ATP and glycogen reduction) (Dozio et al., 2021), mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial biogenesis disorder, inappropriate mitochondrial dynamics, defects in mitochondrial turnover, mitochondrial depletion, excessive oxidative stress, increased inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 and -1α (Liang et al., 2021; Romanello, 2021).