ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; Afib/flutter: atrial fibrillation/flutter; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CKD: chronic kidney disease; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; MDD: major depressive disorder. Here, ACE is linked to major depressive disorder.