The outcomes regarding anti-PD-L1 treatment roughly resembled these reported for woodchucks with WHV hepatitis in which blockage of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway was attempted either in vitro or in vivo with anti-PD-L1 alone, i.e., without co-treatment with an anti-HBV agent or immunization with WHV antigens (Zhang et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2014; Balsitis et al., 2018). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is Hepatitis.