HSPA5 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Studies have reported that deletion in pre-S1 can activate GRp78, as well as upregulate PERK and c-JNK, which contribute to the increase in HCC-related factors, including cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, Cyclin A, NF-κB, and ROS [96,97,98,99,100,101].