Therapeutic intervention of the tumor microenvironment (TME) with natural products and re-purposed pharmaceuticals illustrates the mechanisms by which exosomes trigger inflammation, leading to immune evasion and tumor progression, and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, remarkably through EV-mediated signal pathways [113].Tumor-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and other genes, such as PTEN, PI3K/Akt, and STAT3, regulate molecular signaling pathways in cancer progression. The gene discussed is PTEN; the disease is cancer.