Finally, to determine if TLR4 engagement by the DMPC-containing SE adjuvant contributes to its ability to augment the adaptive immune response, we immunized WT and TLR4−/− C57BL/6J mice with ID97, a protein tuberculosis antigen, adjuvanted with squalene SE or squalene MF59-like emulsion. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is tuberculosis.