Another factor that is implicated in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons characteristic of PD is glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which plays a critical role in cell apoptosis and neurodegeneration, where GSK-3β activation leads to activation of microglia and an increase in the production of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in neuroinflammation and degeneration. The gene discussed is GSK3B; the disease is Parkinson disease.