Immunohistochemistry showed that the positive expression rates of TGF-β1 in these three phenotypes (immune-inflamed, immune-excluded and immune-desert) were 61.1%, 88.4%, and 69.2%, respectively, and TGF-β1 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of gastric cancer cells (Figure 6). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and gastric cancer.