RAC1 and breast carcinoma: Using breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and BT474), human prostate cancer LnCap and 22Rv1 cell lines, and in vivo breast cancer xerographs, Lorente and co-workers verified that SUMO1 inhibition by ginkgolic acid C15:1 (10μM in vitro or 10 mg/kg daily for 18 days) dampened the tumorigenic properties of cancer cells through two different mechanisms simultaneously: stimulating autophagy-mediated cancer cell death and inhibiting tumor invasion via the regulation of RAC1 SUMOylation [31].