More specifically, in healthy controls there were 3 subjects with diabetes (Type II-no insulin), 1 with oesophageal reflux disease, 2 with gastrointestinal disease (colitis and irritable bowel syndrome), 2 with respiratory (asthma and emphysema), 1 with hypothyroidism, while 1 subject had previously been treated for skin cancer. This evidence concerns the gene INS and pulmonary emphysema.