In contrast to obesity however, upper-body fat distribution was not associated with altered BioT, insulin, HDL cholesterol or leptin levels and displayed a diametrically opposite association with serum oestradiol (β = −0.03 SD, 95% CI [−0.05] - [−0.01], p = 0.001) (Figure 2B, Table S8). This evidence concerns the gene LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.