Binding to RAGE can also increase reactive oxygen species (ROS), activate inflammatory signaling such as the nuclear factor-k-light-chain-enhancer of activated β cells (NF-kβ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and induce insulin resistance, which is often associated with obesity. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.